Rusyn language
| Rusyn | ||
|---|---|---|
| русиньскый язык rusynskyi jazyk | ||
| Spoken in | ||
| Total speakers | Estimated: At least 600,000.[1] Census population: 50,000. These are numbers from national official bureaus for statistics: |
|
| Language family | Indo-European
|
|
| Official status | ||
| Official language in |  Vojvodina (Serbia) [9] |
|
| Regulated by | No official regulation | |
| Language codes | ||
| ISO 639-1 | None | |
| ISO 639-2 | sla | |
| ISO 639-3 | rue | |
| Linguasphere | ||
| Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. | ||
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Rusyn (русиньскый язык) is an East Slavic language variety spoken by the Rusyns of Central Europe. Some linguists treat it as a separate language[10] and it has its own ISO 639-3 code. Other linguists treat it as a dialect of Ukrainian.[11] Each categorisation has controversial political implications.
Contents |
Geographical distribution
Rusyn (and more specifically Carpatho-Rusyn) is the venacular spoken in the Transcarpathian Region of Ukraine, in northeastern Slovakia, southeastern Poland (where it is often described as łemkowski 'Lemko', from their characteristic word лем / lem 'only'), or Lyshak and Hungary (where the people and language are called Ruten).
Ukrainian linguists officially consider Rusyn a dialect of Ukrainian, similar to the Hutsul dialect in the neighbouring Carpathian region of Ukraine. Ukrainian scholars and politicians do not recognise Rusyns as a separate ethnicity, despite the fact that some Rusyn speakers prefer to consider themselves as ethnically distinct from Ukrainians.
Attempts to standardise the various variants of Rusyn have been unsuccessful. Rusyns live in four countries, and efforts are hampered because Rusyns living outside the traditional home region often do not speak it fluently. Different orthographies have been developed (in most cases using variants of the Cyrillic alphabet) and also grammatical standards[12] exist, based on regional dialects.
The major cultural centres of Carpatho-Rusyns are located in Prešov in Slovakia,[13] Uzhhorod and Mukacheve in Ukraine, Krynica[14] and Legnica[15] in Poland, Ruski Krstur in Vojvodina[16] and Budapest in Hungary. There are many active Rusyns living in Canada, the USA, and South America.
An accurate estimate of the number of fluent speakers of Rusyn is not possible, however their number is sometimes estimated at almost a million, most of them in Ukraine and Slovakia. Yugoslavia has recognized Rusyn, more precisely Pannonian Rusyn in Vojvodina, as an official minority language.[17]
From 1995, Rusyn was recognized as a minority language in Slovakia, enjoying the status of official language in municipalities where more than 20 percent of the inhabitants speak Rusyn.[18]
Rusyn is listed as a protected language by European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages in Slovakia, Serbia, Croatia and Romania.
Grammars and codification
Early grammars include Dymytrij Vyslockij's (Дмитрий Вислоцкий) Карпаторусский букварь (Karpatorusskij bukvar') Vanja Hunjanky (1931)[19] and Metodyj Trochanovskij's Буквар. Перша книжечка для народных школ. (Bukvar. Perša knyžečka dlja narodnŷch škol.) (1935).[20][21]
Newspapers
- Karpatska Rus'
- Amerikansky Russky Viestnik
- Lemko
Dialects
The Carpatho Rusyn language can be divided as follows:
| Name | Language area | Annotation |
|---|---|---|
| Hutsul | In the mountainous part of Suceava County and Maramures County in Romania and the extreme southern parts of the Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast (province) of Ukraine (as well as in parts of the Chernivtsi and Transcarpathian Oblasts), and on the northern slopes of the Carpathian Mountains. | |
| Boyko | Northern side of the Carpathian Mountains in the Lviv and Ivano-Frankivsk Oblasts of Ukraine. It can also be heard across the border in the Subcarpathian Voivodship (province) of Poland | |
| Lemko | Outside Ukraine in the Prešov Region of Slovakia along the southern side of the Carpathian Mountains. It was formerly spoken on the northern side of the same mountains, in what is now southeastern Poland, prior to Operation Vistula - now used in several diaspora communities scattered in northern Poland | Being revived; in Poland it has the status of an ethnic minority language. A newspaper, Karpatska Rus' has been published in this dialect since 1939. |
| Dolinian Rusyn | Transcarpathian Oblast of Ukraine. | |
| Subcarpathian Rusyn | ||
| Pryashiv Rusyn | The Prešov Region (in Rusyn: "Пряшів" Pryashiv) of Slovakia, as well as by some émigré communities, primarily in the United States of America. | |
| Pannonian Rusyn | Northwestern Serbia and eastern Croatia | One of the official languages of the Serbian Autonomous Province of Vojvodina. |
| Bačka |
Boiko, Hutsul, Lemko and Dolinian are identified (and for the same speakers) as Ukrainian dialects since most of their speakers identify themselves as Ukrainians.
Alphabet
| Capital | Small | Name | Translit. | Pronunciation | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| А | а | a | a | /a/ | |
| Б | б | бы | b | /b/ | |
| В | в | вы | v | /v/ | |
| Г | г | гы | h | /ɦ/ | |
| Ґ | ґ | ґы | g | /ɡ/ | |
| Д | д | ды | d | /d/ | |
| Е | е | e | e | /e/ | |
| Є | є | є | je | /je/ | |
| Ё | ё | ё | jo | /ʏ/ | not present in Pannonian Rusyn |
| Ж | ж | жы | ž | /ʒ/ | |
| З | з | зы | z | /z/ | |
| И | и | и | y | /ɪ/ | |
| І | і | i | i | /i/ | not present in Pannonian Rusyn |
| Ы | ы | ы | y | /ɨ/ | |
| Ї | ї | ї | ji | /ji/ | |
| Й | й | йы | j | /j/ | |
| К | к | кы | k | /k/ | |
| Л | л | лы | l | /l/ | |
| М | м | мы | m | /m/ | |
| Н | н | ны | n | /n/ | |
| О | о | o | o | /o/ | |
| П | п | пы | p | /p/ | |
| Р | р | ры | r | /r/ | |
| С | с | сы | s | /s/ | |
| Т | т | ты | t | /t/ | |
| У | у | у | u | /u/ | |
| Ф | ф | фы | f | /f/ | |
| Х | х | хы | x, ch | /x/ | |
| Ц | ц | цы | c | /ts/ | |
| Ч | ч | чы | č | /t͡ʃ/ | |
| Ш | ш | шы | š | /ʃ/ | |
| Щ | щ | щы | šč | /ʃt͡ʃ/ | |
| Ѣ | ѣ | їть | /ji/, /i/ | Used before World War II | |
| Ю | ю | ю | ju | /ju/ | |
| Я | я | я | ja | /ja/ | |
| Ь | ь | мнягкый знак (ірь) | ′ | /ʲ/ | marks preceding consonant's palatalization |
| Ъ | ъ | твердый знак (ір) | ′ | not present in Pannonian Rusyn |
Sample of Rusyn texts in various dialects
Below are samples of three different Rusyn dialects in comparison to Ukrainian and Russian. There is Slovak influence in the Prešov dialect of Rusyn.
| Rusyn | Slovak |
|---|---|
| родак (rodak) | rodák |
| хыр (chyr) | chýr |
| невидженых (nevidženych) | nevidených |
| сполоченьскій (spoločeňskij) | spoločenský |
Pannonian Rusyn
Того року ше одбуло уж друге стретнуце габурчанох по походзеню, хторих у Валалским уряду, у Габури 8. юлия 2006. року, на родней груди привитал староста валалу М. Ющик. Щири слова, подзековносц, пиха и гордосц пре добри глас о своїм валалу, витаня длуго нєвидзеней родзини, здогадованя на давни часи, на Габуру, на родзину и традицию, мали свойо место нє лєм на стретнуцох родзини, алє и на цалей дводньовей културно-уметнїцкей и спортовей програми хтора ше одбувала под назву: «Габура шпива и шпортує»
Lemko-Prešov dialect codified in Slovakia
Того року ся одбыла уж друга стріча габурскых родаків, котрых на Сельскім уряді в Габурі 8. юла 2006, на роднім ґрунті привитав староста села М. Ющик. Слова до душы, подякы і гордости за шыріня доброго хыру о своїм селі, витаня довго невидженых родаків, споминаня на давны часы, на Габуру, на родину і традіції мали свій простор нелем на стрічі родаків але і на цілій двадньовій културно-сполоченьскій і шпортовій акції, яка ся одбывала під назвом: «Габура співає і шпортує.»
Lemko-Gorlic dialect codified in Poland
Того року одбыла ся уж друга стрича габурскых родаків, котрых на Сільському уряді в Габурі 8. липця 2006, на ридни земли привитав староста села М. Ющік. Щиры слова подякы і гордости за шыриня доброй славы свого села, витаня медже довго невидженыма родаками, спомин давных часив, Габури, родини і традициї были не лем на стричи родаків, але і на цілим дводньовим культурно–суспільним і спортовим сьвяті, яке ся одбыло під назвом «Габура співає і спортує».
For comparison in Ukrainian language:
Цього року відбулася друга зустріч габурських земляків, котрих на Сільському уряді в Габурі 8 липня 2006 року, на рідній землі привітав староста села М. Ющик. Слова до душі, подяки й гордості за поширення доброї слави про своє село, вітання довго не бачених земляків, спомин давніх часів, Габури, родини і традицій мали місце не лише на зустрічі земляків але й на всій дводенній культурно-суспільній і спортивній акції, яка відбувалася під назвою: «Габура співає і спортує»
For comparison in Russian language:
В этом году состоялась вторая встреча габурских земляков, которых на Сельском совете в Габуре 8 июля 2006 на родной земле приветствовал староста села М. Ющик. Душевные слова, благодарность и гордость за распространение хорошей репутации села, приветствие земляков, которых давно не видели, воспоминания старых времён, семьи и традиций имели место не только на встрече земляков, но и на всей двухдневной культурно-общественной акции, которая состоялась под названием: «Габура поёт и занимается спортом».
See also
- Besida
- Alexander Duchnovič's Theatre
- Old Ruthenian
- Pannonian Rusyns
- Rusyns
- Metodyj Trochanovskij, Lemko Grammarian
- Petro Trochanowski, contemporary Rusyn poet.
References
- ↑ Gordon, Raymond G., Jr., ed (2005). "Ethnologue report for language code:rue (Rusyn)". Ethnologue: Languages of the World (15th ed.). Dallas, TX: SIL International. ISBN 13 978-1-55671-159-6. http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=rue. Retrieved 2007-04-27.
- ↑ "?". http://www.statistics.sk/webdata/english/census2001/tab/tab3a.htm.
- ↑ "?". http://webrzs.stat.gov.rs/zip/esn31.pdf.
- ↑ "?". http://www.ukrcensus.gov.ua/results/nationality_population/nationality_popul2/select_5/?data1=1&box=5.5W&rz=1_1&rz_b=2_1&k_t=00&botton=cens_db.
- ↑ "Republic of Croatia - Central Bureau of Statistics". Crostat. http://www.dzs.hr/default_e.htm. Retrieved 5 September 2010.
- ↑ "Home". Central Statistical Office of Poland. http://www.stat.gov.pl/english/. Retrieved 5 September 2010.
- ↑ "1.28 Population by mother tongue, nationality and sex, 1900–2001". Hungarian Central Statistical Office. http://www.nepszamlalas.hu/eng/volumes/18/tables/load1_28.html. Retrieved 5 September 2010.
- ↑ "5. Národnost a Mateřský jazyk". http://www.czso.cz/csu/2005edicniplan.nsf/t/D6002FD8F5/$File/kap_I_05.pdf. Retrieved 5 September 2010.
- ↑ The Statue of the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina
- ↑ Bernard Comrie, "Slavic Languages," International Encyclopedia of Linguistics (1992, Oxford, Vol 3, pp. 452-456.
Ethnologue, 16th edition - ↑ George Y. Shevelov, "Ukrainian," The Slavonic Languages (1993, Routledge, pp. 947-998.
- ↑ Rusyn grammar rules - Ябур, Василь - Плїшкова, Анна: Русиньскый язык в зеркалї новых правил про основны і середнї школы з навчанём русиньского языка. Пряшів : Русин і Народны новинкы, 2005, 128 s.
- ↑ Cultural center of Rusyns in Slovakia
- ↑ "?". http://www.stowarzyszenielemkow.pl/. Retrieved 5 September 2010.
- ↑ Susyn Y. Mihalasky (3 March 1995). "5th Anniversary [Fifth Anniversary of the Lemko Association]" (in Rusyn). Karpatska Rus': 1–2.
- ↑ Rusynistics at Faculty of Philosophy of the University of Novi Sad
- ↑ Statute of the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina
- ↑ Slovenskej Republiky, Národná Rada (1999). "Zákon 184/1999 Z. z. o používaní jazykov národnostných menšín" (in Slovak). Zbierka zákonov. http://www.mensiny.vlada.gov.sk/data/files/418.doc. Retrieved 2010-05-18.
- ↑ Vyslockij, Dymytrij (1931) (in Rusyn) Карпаторусский букварь [Karpatoursskij bukvar'] Cleveland
- ↑ Trochanovskij, Metodyj (1935) (in Rusyn) Буквар. Перша книжечка для народных школ. [Bukvar. Perša knyžečka dlja narodnŷch škol.] Lviv
- ↑ Bogdan Horbal (2005). Custer, Richard D.. ed. "The Rusyn Movement among the Galician Lemkos". Rusyn-American Almanac of the Carpatho-Rusyn Society (Pittsburgh) (10th Anniversary 2004-2005). http://www.lemko.org/scholar/horbal/94.pdf.
Further reading
- A new Slavic language is born. The Rusyn literary language in Slovakia. Ed. Paul Robert Magocsi. New York 1996.
- Magocsi, Paul Robert. Let's speak Rusyn. Бісідуйме по-руськы. Englewood 1976.
- Aleksandr Dmitrievich Dulichenko. Jugoslavo-Ruthenica. Роботи з рускей филолоґиї. Нови Сад 1995.
- Taras Kuzio, "The Rusyn question in Ukraine: sorting out fact from fiction", Canadian Review of Studies in Nationalism, XXXII (2005)
- Elaine Rusinko, "Rusinski/Ruski pisni" selected by Nataliia Dudash; "Muza spid Karpat (Zbornik poezii Rusiniv na Sloven'sku)" assembled by Anna Plishkova. Books review. "The Slavic and East European Journal, Vol. 42, No. 2. (Summer, 1998), pp. 348-350. JSTOR archive
- Плішкова, Анна [Anna Plishkova] (ed.): Муза спід Карпат (Зборник поезії Русинів на Словеньску). [Muza spid Karpat (Zbornik poezii Rusiniv na Sloven'sku)] Пряшів: Русиньска оброда, 1996. on-line
- Marta Harasowska. "Morphophonemic Variability, Productivity, and Change: The Case of Rusyn", Berlin ; New York : Mouton de Gruyter, 1999, ISBN 3110157616.
- Book review by Edward J. Vajda, Language, Vol. 76, No. 3. (Sep., 2000), pp. 728–729
- I. I. Pop, Paul Robert Magocsi, Encyclopedia of Rusyn History and Culture, University of Toronto Press, 2002, ISBN 0802035663
- Plišková, Anna: Rusínsky jazyk na Slovensku: náčrt vývoja a súčasné problémy. Prešov : Metodicko-pedagogické centrum, 2007, 116 s. Slovak Rusyn
External links
- Rusyn language at the World Academy of Rusyn Culture
- Ethnologue report for Rusyn
- Rusyn Greco Catholic Church in Novi Sad (Vojvodina-Serbia)
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